Descartes And The Mind Body Dualism - 2479 Words

â€Å"The mind-body dualism, in philosophy, is the fact that any theory that the mind and body are distinct kinds of substances or natures. This position implies that mind and body not only differ in meaning, but refer to different kinds of entities (Britannica).† The most basic form of dualism is substance dualism. Substance dualism is the idea that he mind and body are composed of two ontologically distinct substances. According to one who believes and studies dualism, the mind is comprised of a non-physical substance, while the body is constituted of the physical substance, also known as matter. Dualism is closely related to the philosophy of Rene Descartes. Descartes identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain. He believed that the brain was the seat of all intelligence. This lead to a great debate over the mind and body. So, ultimately, what is the nature of the mind and consciousness and its relationship to the b ody? Descartes’ Meditation 6 explains the distinction between the mind and body. He explains that he is confused as to why his mind is attached to a particular body to which he calls his own. He questions why pain or tickling happens in his own body but does not occur in any body outside of his own and why a tugging feeling in his stomach tells him that he is hungry and that he should eat. From this, he perceives that he is only a thinking thing. The idea of a body is merely extended and the mind isShow MoreRelatedDualism In Descartes : The Mind And Body Dualism1039 Words   |  5 PagesMind and body dualism can be regarded as one of the most profound segments of Descartes’ legacy. His assertion was that the mind and the body were not the same thing, and that there was a real distinction between the two. For instance, he believed that the mind was indivisible and the body was actually divisible. His reasoning for that contention was simply put. He explained that when th e mind imagines, the whole thing does. Not just a certain part. On the other hand, when the body moves, it is notRead MoreDescartes : Mind And Body Dualism735 Words   |  3 PagesDescartes was a Renaissance philosopher who affirmed the value of the deductive method (Chaplin Krawiec, 1983). This is an essential part of the scientific method where in the search for knowledge one passes from the general to the particular in a way that starting from premises of universal character particular statements are inferred. His philosophical method of questioning all propositions leads him to suggest that doubt is an act of thinking and he could not doubt that he thought, affirmingRead MoreDescartes Dualism And The Mind Body Theory1322 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes’ Dualism Rene Descartes dualism states that the mind and body are separate entities. The mind is a nonphysical, non-spatial substance; the mind and brain are separate existences, the brain is a part of the physical body and serves as a connection between the body and mind. Dualism is a hot topic of argument on whether the theory holds any validity or if it holds any truth. However, Cartesian dualism is a credible theory and has a lot of support to verify it. One major point in DescartesRead MoreRen Descartes : Dualism Of The Mind And Body740 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to famous French mathematician and philosopher, Renà © Descartes, motion and interactions between the material and the immaterial are possible. He came up with a concept called dualism of the mind and body. His thesis being that mind and body are really distinct. He believes the mind, an immaterial thing, and body, a material thing, are two different beings that interact with each other. In one of his famous The Meditation, He says, [I am thinking, therefore I exist] taught me that I wasRead MoreAnalyzation of Descartes’ Argument on Dualism for Mind and Body710 Words   |  3 PagesDualism is a theory which says that mind and body are two distinct kinds of reality and the self is a mind which has a close â€Å"association† with a body. In this essay I will analyze Descartes’ argument on dualism for mind/ and body. Moreover, I will argue that Descartes’ argument on mind and body is not successful. First, I will analyze Descartes’ argument for the dualism of the mind and body. Descartes argument goes as follows that the mind and body must be two separate substances because bodyRead MoreAnalysis Of Elisabeth s Criticism Of Descartes Mind Body Dualism1398 Words   |  6 PagesElisabeth’s Criticism of Descartes’ Mind-Body Dualism Renà © Descartes’ seventeenth century philosophy receives much of the credit for the basis of modern philosophy, specifically his argument that the body and the mind are completely separate substances, each with its own independence from the other, also known as dualism. Descartes was educated in the Aristotelian and Greek tradition, and those ideas influenced his dualist thought. In Meditations, Descartes focused on dualism in the context of humanRead MoreDescartes Mind-Body Dualism Against Darwin’s Monism.Docx Essay883 Words   |  4 Pagesam going to argue for Descartes mind-body dualism against Darwin’s monism. I believe that the mind and body are two separate entities and that human life is not simply the result random mutations that took place throughout the past two billion years or so. I am not going to attempt to disprove science; I can’t do that. I am however, going to try to give specific examples on the origin of existence and the nature of reality. Renà © Descartes believed that the mind and body are separate; that theRead MoreRenà © Descartes and Thomas Hobbes Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the sixteen hundreds, the French philosopher Renà © Descartes laid the foundations for the beginnings of Cartesian Dualism. In contrast, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes argued against dualism in favor of materialism. Recently, Cartesian Dualism, and dualism in general has fallen out of favor as materialism arose as a more plausible and explanatory theory regarding the interrelationships between body and mind. The translation Descartes’ writing in the Meditations is far more cryptic than Hobbes’Read MoreFor Years, Philosophers Have Debated The Mind-Body Problem,1195 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophers have debated the mind-body problem, the issue of what mental phenomena are and how they relate to the physical world. Philosopher Descartes believed in substance dualism, the belief that the mind and the body are two different things. In this essay, I will examine Descartes’ substance dualism theory. First, I will review Descartes’s theory and reasons that support it. Then, I will review objections with Descartes’s argument. After that, I will imagine how Descartes would respond to these objectionsRead MoreIs Dualism Best? The Nature Of Consciousness? Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesStudent ID Number: 00180694 November 2rd, 2016 Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy Professor Bayne Dualism Best Explains the Nature of Consciousness The three theories we have discussed so far are the dualism theory of Plato and Descartes, the Aristotelian theory, and the Physicalism (identity) theory of Place and Strong. The identity of consciousness means that if you have the same consciousness, you are the same person, and if not conscience, you are not the same person. The thing that

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay - 1349 Words

The Cuban Missile Crisis Blake Beckstrom Mr. Jones U.S. History P.4 What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? Many people have heard of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and may have learned about it during school, but they do not know the nitty gritty details of the whole fiasco. The CMC was the first threat of a nuclear world war. The real â€Å"crisis† was between the United States and the Soviet Union and not Cuba. Cuba played a relatively small role in the grand scheme of it all and was basically the field on which the two powerhouses played on. The Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the most tense 13 days that the world has ever known and had the possibility of completely disintegrating the world we know today. In this paper we will learn exactly what happened. In the summer of 1961 President Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna, Austria. () To say they were not friends was a drastic understatement. They were visibly tense and hostile towards each other. Krushev threatened to cut Berlin off from the rest of Europe, and Kennedy reminded the Soviet leader of the U.S.’ tactical weapon strength. () After World War II, Germany had been divided into democratic West Germany and Communist East Germany. Berlin, similarly divided into eastern and western zones, was situated in the middle of East Germany. Its allied controlled western zone was therefore isolated from West Germany and the rest of western Europe. () Khrushchev built a wall between East and WestShow MoreRelatedThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable to the world, it was the first time nuclear war was hanging on a thread. The Cuban Missile Crisis presented a threat to the world, in which the USSR planted nuclear missiles on Cuba. America’s response was to threaten launching nuclear missiles at the Russians. This incident launched the world into a new time, which presented nuclear weapons as a source of power. The incident of the Cuban Missile Crisis still connects with us today because the power nuclear weapons present, which providesRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13 day political and military deadlock in 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union. It appeared that the Soviet Union was installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, and it was the closest the United States has ever came to a nuclear war. Using the movie, 13 Days, the Cuban Missile Crisis is explained and compared to the actual event. The crisis was led to by the Cold War. The Cold War was a period between 1947 and 1991 of geopolitical tension between the corruptedRead MoreEssay on Cuban Missile Crisis1985 Words   |  8 PagesThe discovery of the nuclear missiles in Cuba was a vast turning point in the way that the world would progress in terms of communication and various entertainment and political positions from that point forward. Before the assumptions of the United States were proved about the Soviet Union holding nuclear weapons in Cuba, there was a great lack of communications between the nations that caused major conflict between these two nations. The moment the nations got connected many problems could beRead More Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesthe administration of United States President John F. Kennedy, the Cold War reached its most dangerous state, when the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came to the brink of nuclear war in what was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. What was the Cold War? What started the tensions between the United States and the USSR? What actions were taken and how were the problems resolved? All of these questions and more shall be answered in this paper. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesThis event is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. This event was the closest to nuclear war then world has ever gotten since the US dropped the nuclear missiles on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The USSR had been shipping nuclear missiles to Cuba to deter the threat of the nuclear missiles that could hit the USSR that were in Turkey and Italy. Cuba is a repressive communist society just like the USSR, and it was close enough to the US to hit any major city with the nuclear missiles. In order to protect theRead More Cuban Missile Crisis. Essay1870 Words   |  8 Pages The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Events Before, During, and After Let the record show that our restraint is not inexhaustible. Should it ever appear that the inter-American doctrine of noninterference merely conceals or excuses a policy of nonaction - if the nations of this hemisphere should fail to meet their commitments against outside Communist penetration - then I want it clearly understood that this Government will not hesitate in meeting its primary obligations, which are to the securityRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay2023 Words   |  9 PagesWorld in the nuclear age forever. The Cuban Missile Crisis represents the closest brink of mutual nuclear destruction the World has ever been close to reaching. The leadership in place throughout the crisis is critical to the story of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Three men dominated the nations involved in the crisis and captivated citizens of all corners of the world. President John Fitzgerald Kennedy of the United States, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, and Cuban Dictator Fidel Castro dominated theRead More Cuban Missile Crisis Essay2219 Words   |  9 Pages On October 22nd, 1962, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States of America, addressed the nation on television. In his seven-point speech, he informed his audience that long-range nuclear missiles, capable of â€Å"striking most of the major cities in the Western Hemisphere, ranging as far north as Hudson Bay, Canada, and as far sout h as Lima, Peru† (JFK library p. 3) were being installed in Cuba by the Soviet Union. President Kennedy discussed the United States’ response, which includedRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay495 Words   |  2 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war. The crisis was a major confrontation between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The confrontation was caused by the Soviets putting missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of the United States of America. The world was in the hands of President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khruchchev. These two men would have to reach a compromiseRead MoreThe Significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesspeaking about the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy said, It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization† (â€Å"Nuclear Test Ban Treaty† 1). the Cuban Missile Crisis was a time where these two men, Kennedy and Khrushchev, had the power in their hands to end civilization. In order to understand the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis one mu st understand, the Cold war drama; the dangerous crisis; and its importance

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay Example For Students

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay To the general public slavery is known as a wicked and pitiless practice that has long since been abolished. However, to many other poor souls, slavery has had a much deeper impact on them. There are many accounts having to deal with slavery and its evils, yet The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay, An American Slave, Written by Himself is by far the most powerful account in illustrating the evils of slavery through the eyes of the enslaved. Frederick Douglass is best known for his speeches and essays devoted to the abolitionist movement. The abolitionist movement in the United States began long before the Civil War started in 1861. As an escaped slave, Douglass traveled all over the northern part of the United States to speak out against the horrors of slavery. Although human slavery is an ancient institution, the system of slavery practiced in North and South America, called chattel slavery because slaves were considered personal, disposable property, took on a distinct character. The two most important distinguishing factors in chattel slavery are: 1) its cruelty, made possible by the relative alienation of plantations where the slaves were subject to brutality and force to keep them from rebelling, a practice allowed by the government, and 2) the complex economic relationship between the slave system and the industrial cities of the north. American slaves experienced many kinds of brutality, including rape, castration, and other kinds of mutilation, and families were often sold away from each other. Sometimes plantation masters sold away their illegitimate children by slave mothers. Any attempt on the slave s part to assert his or her rights, and escape brutality, was met with more brutality. A slave could not even defend himself, by law. There were very few successful slave uprisings because most slaves never left the plantations and had little idea what the surrounding country was like, and also because slave catchers would use dogs and wanted posters to bring you back to slavery. It was extremely difficult for a slave to escape to the North, and, even if you made it to the free states, the Fugitive Slave Bill meant you could be sent back to slavery if you were caught. The system of chattel slavery existed in America for well over 100 years. The slave system in the United States did not only benefit the southern states. The main export crop from the South was cotton, which was shipped to textile industries in the North who would use it to make cloth and other items for sale. Slavery was a deeply embedded part of economic life in the United States, and people north and south benefited from the blood, sweat, and tears of millions of slave mothers, fathers, and children. Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, who had experienced the degradation of slavery firsthand, bravely fought to end the slave system, even though it was a cornerstone of American industry. It was against the law for a person to teach a slave how to read and write, but against all odds Douglass taught himself to read and write and became a very skilled speaker. (Andrews) Perhaps it seems strange to see Frederick Douglass, whose character and thought were formed in the furnace of slavery, associated with the Transcendentalists, yet indeed he was. Like the transcendentalists, Douglass believed in self-development and self-reliance, and few others could show as vividly the value of this philosophy. As a writer, he understood the value of the first-person voice, and he had such a remarkable and inspiring story to tell. .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 , .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .postImageUrl , .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 , .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4:hover , .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4:visited , .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4:active { border:0!important; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4:active , .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4 .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9270a53cbec198b73058d72d000828f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Culture alongside a text Essay Like them, he had great reason to believe in self-education and was certain that he had a message the world must hear. He was the most eloquent supporter of the cause of abolition. He believed that the moral individual was responsible to articulate his view of truth until others could hear it. (Deacon) The foremost African American abolitionist in antebellum America, Frederick Douglass was the first African American leader of national stature in United States history. He was born, as can best be determined, in February 1817 (he took the 14th as his birthday) on the eastern shore of Maryland. His mother, from whom .

Marketing Process free essay sample

Marketing involves identifying customer needs and requirements, and meeting these needs in a better way than competitors. In this way a company creates loyal customers. The starting point is to find out who potential customers are not everyone will want what Noraini’s has to offer. The people Noriani’s identifies as likely customers are known as key audiences. under the marketing concept, Noraini’s Cookies must find a way to discover unfulfilled costumer needs and bring to market product that satisfy those needs. The process of this concept is explained in below diagram; For Noraini’s cookies to still on the same ledger of competition with all the competitors and trends, they need to formulate this process and implying them in everyday business or before any business marketing decision is being made. First, let’s go through the first process of all, Situation Analysis. Noraini’s cookies should first define the situation of current trend and market. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They should know how is the market behavior nowadays. They need to understand it completely from inside out. There have a lot of ways to run the situation analysis such as, 5C analysis (Company, Costumer, Competitors, collaborators, climate) or SWOT Analysis (Strength, weakness, opportunity and threat). If the situation analysis reveals gap between what consumer want and what is currently offered to them, then there may be opportunities to introduce products to better satisfy those costumer. Take for an example, this is the SWOT analysis of Cadbury’s which is written by Sunanda K. Chavan for ManagementParadise. com. SWOT analysis of Cadburys Strength 1. Cadbury is a company, which is reputed internationally as the topmost chocolate provider in the world. 2. The brand is well known to people they can easily identify it from others. 3. Cadbury the world leaders in chocolate, is a well-known force in marketing and distribution. 4. Users have a positive perception about the qualities of the brand. 5. Cadbury main strength is Dairy milk. Dairy milk is the most consumed chocolate in India. 6. By using popular models like Cyrus Brocha, Preety Zinta and others Cadburys has managed to portray a young and sporty image, which has resulted in converting buyers of other brands to become its staunch loyalists. 7. Cadbury has well adjusted itself to Indian custom. 8. It has properly repositioned itself in India whenever required i. e. from children to adults, togetherness bar to energizing bar for young ones etc. Weaknesses 1. There is lack of penetration in the rural market where people tend to dismiss it as a high end product. It is mainly found in urban and semi-urban areas. 2. It has been relatively high priced brand, which is turning the price conscious customer away. 3. People avoid having their chocolate thinking about the egg ingredients. Opportunities 1. The chocolate market has seen one of the greatest increases in the recent times (almost @ 30%) 2. There is a lot of potential for growth and a huge population who do not eat chocolates even today that can be converted as new users. Threat 1. There exists no brand loyalty in the chocolate market and consumers frequently shift their brands. 2. New brands are coming and existing brands are introducing new variants to add up to an already overcrowded market. http://www. managementparadise. com/forums/marketing-management-rm-im/201618-swot-analysis-cadbury. html From the situation analysis, we can come o our second process which is Marketing Strategy. There is four elements of market strategy. 1. Market segmentation. 2. Targeting 3. Positioning 4. Value proposition to the target market. Market segmentation can be defined as the identification of portions of the markets that are different from one another. Segmentation allows the firm to better satisfy the need of its potential costumers. (citation) Why did Noraini’s cookies need this segmentation ? here’s why, costumer are not all alike. They are different in every way. The place they stay, how they live, their race, religion, their family, their education, genders and even generation (example: Baby boomers, Generation Y, Generation X). so if Noraini’s cookies want to tackle the market, they have to learn this differentiation and segment their marketing based on this 1. Geography. 2. Demography. 3. Psychography. Geography is easy to identify. As for Malaysia market, Noraini’s cookies need to identify which product is to sell in which area. They have to know what is the consumer in that area really want. Take for example, they want to promote their frozen food. Noraini’s cookies should be more focusing on urban area. Area which people didn’t have enough time to prepare the food themselves. So the citizens need only buy the frozen food and cook it at home. For another example, let’s take KFC as our reference. They always try to come out with new ideas to keep costumer consuming their products. Thing is, they really taking this segmentation in sight. Why ? because, they always come out with the product which can fulfilled the need of their costumer in certain area. Example, KFC launch â€Å"Tom Yam† flavored fried chicken in Thailand because Thailand people love â€Å"Tom Yam† so much ! (citation needed) Let’s move on to demographical segmentation. This segmentation is tougher than geographical segmentation. Noraini’s cookies should take into account of a detailed statistic of what is actually the people wants. Each person needs is different from one another. Take for example, gender. One of Noraini’s cookies product is premixed spices. So, Noraini’s cookies should market the product to an appropriate gender. Market the product to women because mostly, only women who need the premixed spice product. For the better picture of demographical segmentation, let’s take another example. Say, Mercedes Benz. They made car for luxurious social class people. While proton in the other hand, make a car to try to fulfill the needs of not very luxurious social class people. Next is psychographic segmentation. Also called as behavioural segmentation. This type of segmentation divides the market into groups according to customers’ lifestyles. It considers a number of potential influences on buying behaviour, including the attitudes, expectations and activities of consumers. If these are known, then products and marketing campaigns by Noraini’s cookies can be customised so that they appeal more specifically to customer motivations. Let’s take one example. Let say Noraini’s cookies has studied on their consumer annual occasion which is what Noraini’s cookies always does on their cookies product, they can adjust the marketing campaign which suits the current occasion. If current occasion is deepavali, which is celebrated by Hindu, which consume a lot of premixed spice for curry and Dhal, this is the time for Noraini’s cookies to change the marketing campaign to premixed spice promotion. For another example, on psychographic segmentation, usage of consumer. It can be divided into heavy user, medium user and light user. Hotlink communication see this segment and market their internet plan based on this category. Hotlink communication offer a different internet plan for different user. Image below will show the correct example. If the user is light user, they can buy data plan for only RM30. While for heavy internet user, they can buy RM 68 worth of data plan. (citation needed) Target marketing tailors a marketing mix for one or more segments identified by market segmentation. Target marketing contrasts with mass marketing, which offer a single product to entire market. Noraini’s cookies should be looking into this aspect more. They should be more focus on one segment to market their product. For example when Noraini’s cookies want market their daily biscuits, and only biscuits, they need to focus on demographic segmentation. Separate the product based on age of consumer. Should have like biscuits for children, for student, teenager and also old citizen. Create a different flavor for each and every stage of consumer. Teenagers are more likely to be attracted to chocolate and strawberry, so, Noraini’s cookies should create a daily biscuits that based on this flavor. And the pricing should be suitable with the age. Mostly teenagers are still depending and parents money and it is limited for them. So, instead of marketing the biscuits with normal price which is quite pricy for them (RM12. 00 – RM16. 00), Noraini’s cookies should market the biscuits for like RM 4 – RM 5 depending on the cost of production. It maybe not only will attract teenagers to buy it, it might attract other stage of age to buy the product because of its price. (citation needed) Positioning is developing a product and brand image in the minds of consumers. It can also include improving a customers perception about the experience they will have if they choose to purchase your product or service. The business can positively influence the perceptions of its chosen customer base through strategic promotional activities and by carefully defining your business marketing mix. Effective positioning involves a good understanding of competing products and the benefits that are sought by your target market. It also requires you to identify a differential advantage with which it will deliver the required benefits to the market effectively against the competition. Business should aim to define themselves in the eyes of their customers in regards to their competition. For Noraini’s cookies brand to be remembered by costumer. Like when we say MCD, costumer already what is it stands for (MCDonald). They will automatically pictured the image of burger, the yellow suited clown, the M letter and many others which lead to the name of MCD. (citation needed) Marketing Mix Decisions What Noraini’s cookies should do is, implement the name of Noraini’s cookies to the costumer. Noraini’s cookies can tackle this aspect by focusing on the 4P’s. 1. product 2. price 3. promotion 4. place Product Noraini’s cookies should guarantee the quality of their product is much better than other completion. What is making Noraini’s cookies specials? What is the unique feature of their product? They should know this to conquer the costumer mind. Maybe if Noraini’s cookies have something that currently not offered by their competitor (or currently offered by their competitors but Noraini’s cookies can make something better) like the taste are much more delicious than the competitor or extra cream on the cookies, Noraini’s can successfully implement the greatness of their product which automatically live the name on consumer mind. The name of the product also playing an important role here. The name should be something catchy and easy to remember. Because the product will carry this name to consumer mind to remember. For example, Kiss cookies by Noraini’s. when people mention the name of kiss cookies, people will imagined the taste and the product itself. Kiss cookies is one of the name picking success by Noraini’s cookies. For example, why is MCDonald Big Mac burger is so popular? While Ramly burger not so much? Because, MCDonald has implement the idea of their product is so much better than the other burger because of their special recipe sauce and their patty is made from 100% meat. People will actually believe that and set their mind that MCDonald burger is much better than the Ramly because of the patty and the secret sauce. They offer something that Ramly as their competitor not currently offer. Price Pricing is one of the most important decisions made by any business organisation. Economists use the term market clearing price to identify a price at which sellers are prepared to sell because they feel they are getting a fair price, and buyers are prepared to buy because they feel they are getting value for money. If prices are too high or too low the market will fail to clear. Positioning Noraini’s cookies product via pricing is also effective. Noraini’s cookies has done a very good job on pricing which Noraini’s new lined product called â€Å"GoodKiss† was sold on internet for only RM2. 20 including other of their product. It available at Nilai Muslim Shop. (http://nilaimuslimshoppe. blogspot. com/2012/11/noraini-cookies. html) Noraini’s cookies should and need to successfully enter their costumer mind that they are giving a right price for a right product. Promotion Promotion covers all the tools and techniques by which an organisation markets its products and services. For example, this might include traditional methods such as advertising in papers, as well as the use of social media (like Facebook and Twitter), websites and online networks. Promotion is playing a big important role on positioning the product to the market. Noraini’s cookies has somehow kind of failed on doing so. Frankly said, we never see or heard about Noraini’s cookies neither on paper or television. In order to gain market share and attract new customers, Noraini’s cookies needs to be distinctive in the marketplace. It needs customers to think about its products in a particular way. This helps them distinguish its products from those of competitors. To look on Noraini’s cookies competitors example, Kraft Oreo, they didn’t sell much at the beginning of the product introduction era on 1912. But when they first (1923) commercialize their product through various way of advertising, the sales are going to the roof. They implement the idea â€Å"Twist it† on their costumer so whenever the costumer is told about â€Å"twist it†, costumer will automatically remember Oreo. In Malaysia, they used â€Å"Putar, Jilat, Celup†. Place This is the place where Noraini’s cookies first introduce their cookies. A very smart move indeed. Streets on bazaar ramadhan and raya festival. Jaya jusco taman Tun Dr Ismail (late 1980’s) Plaza angsana johor bahru (1998) Giant Uda ocean Pasaraya OTK Tesco Carefour (aeon Big) Seremban Parade. http://iksprofile. blogspot. com/2012/05/noraini-cookies-worldwide-sdn-bhd. html http://www. thestar. com. my/Business/SME/2013/07/22/The-taste-of-Raya-in-the-air-Ramadan-is-a-bumper-month-for-makers-of-traditional-treats. aspx http://halalmedia. net/from-cottage-to-global-the-story-of-norainis-cookies/ As you can see, Noraini’s cookies are marketing her product at place where got a lot of people visiting every day. It helps with mouth to mouth word spreading since the audience is big and changing every single day. Implementation and control Last but not least for the marketing process to run smoothly for Noraini’s cookies, they need to implement all the process I’ve stated above and control everything. They should be aware on trend changing. Example if raisins based product is not a trend anymore, they need to create a new product depending on what is going on around. Benefits and cost of Noraini’s marketing approach 1. Adaptability One of the major advantages of following Noraini’s cookies marketing approach is adaptability. An organization is more to costumer centric which is work and market their product based on what is costumer needs and wants. Adapting to the requirement of the market can give an easy pass to success. The businesses know what the costumer actually wanted and deliver it to them. 2. Eliminates doubts and gambling. Instead of gambling and forecasting what is costumer actually wanted, Noraini’s cookies actually look into what is costumer wants. With this marketing approach, you can lower the risk of bad stock. You actually deliver what market needs and following the trends also eliminate the risk of pointless advertising or out of date advert. 3. Strengthen product name in the market. Because of Noraini’s cookies focusing what the markets wants, they will be called â€Å"up to date†. Which is good for the business. Costumer will always think Noraini’s cookies as an Up to date company and left behind in promoting their product. Will not left behind with competitor because of the always on going research about market trends. 4. Building costumer value