The Challenges of Leadership - 1263 Words

The Challenges of Leadership Desire, determination, effectiveness, passion, management skills, being able to inspire, positive attitude, knowing who you are, what to do or not; these are all characteristics of a leader . â€Å"Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.† (Concept of Leadership, 2010). In this 21st century world we are living in and with all the complex changes happening and the many ways businesses are being conducted and operated, leadership skills are definitely needed but are becoming more and more challenging to obtain because leadership is a process which is put in place in order to influence a group†¦show more content†¦Another leadership challenge is to be able to build high quality value partnership by constantly recruiting knowledgeable partners by seeking out the most relevant investors, customers, and employees to create differentiated value and c ompetitive advantage† (Higgings amp; Kreischer). And also by building relationship that encourages willpower, integrity, optimism and positivity. It is also important to recognize that intricate problems require being able to work across disciplines inside and outside an organization through capitalization. By being able to establish high quality partnership that will constantly strives to improve their partnership. Last but not least leading with a clear, inspiring vision and a sharp engaging focus can be a challenging aspect of a leadership role. 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In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged Free Essays

string(111) " at a fast paced but still provide enough oxygen to your cell to satisfy your aerobic needs \(Swanson, 1992\)\." Coursework 2 Name: Mohamed Abdulwahab Exercise metabolism Title: In the light of the energy systems used during prolonged endurance events, critically analyse the nutritional strategies that a marathon runner should adopt before and whilst running a marathon in temperate environmental conditions (16-18oC). 1. Introduction: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Energy intake: 1. 2 Fluid intake: 1. 3 Carbohydrate intake: 2. Building energy and fluid: 1. Before competition: 2. During competition: 3. Nutritional recommendation: 3. 0 Summary: 4. 0 Reference: 1. 0 Introduction: The term energy system refers to the body’s ability, or power, to do physical work. The energy system requires to do body work that takes several different forms: mechanical, electrical, light, radiant, and heat (Economos, 1993). Energy system is like matter, which can neither be created nor destroyed (Bortz, 1993). It can only be changed into another form; therefore energy is constant cycle in the body and environment (Nelson, 1993). Potential energy is stored energy which is ready to be used. Kinetics energy is active energy which can be used to do work (Burke, 1991). Energy balance n a physical activity requires a base of sound nutrition to supply the substrate fuels, which along with oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) meet widely varying levels of energy demand for body action (Gollan, 1991). Fuel sources are the basic energy nutrition in the diet, primarily carbohydrate and some fat (Read, 1991). Their metabolic products-glucose, glycogen, and fatty acids-provide ready fuel sour ced for the chemical energy reactions within cells (Murray, 1998). The main energy compound of the body cells is needed during a marathon run is aerobic system (Horswill, 1998). It has rightly a form of energy currency of the cell. A long-term energy system, when exercising more than 2 minutes is required O2 dependant, or aerobic energy system (Pate, 1992). A constant supply of O2 in the blood is necessary for continued exercise (Branch, 1992). Especially cells organelles, the mitochondria are located within each cell, produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Hargreaves, 1996). The ATP is produced mainly from glucose and fatty acids and supplies the continued energy needs of the body (Dillo, 1996). When the fuel nutrition becomes depleted during exercise, as an energy demands increase the body burns blood glucose and muscle glycogen as well as reserves from fatty acids to provide energy (Angus, 1996). With prolonged exercise levels of these nutrition fail too low to sustain the body continued demands, fatigue followed and exhaustion threatens (Fabbriao, 1996). A marathon runner, energy system is defined as aerobic capacity, which depends on the body’s ability to deliver and the use of O2 in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of increased level of exercise (Coyle, 1986). O2 uptake increases with exercise intensity until either the demand is net or the ability to supply it is exceeded (Hammert, 1986). The maximum rate that the body can take in O2, or aerobic capacity is called the Vo2max the maximum uptake volume of O2 (Ivy, 1986). This capacity determines the intensity and duration of exercise that an athlete can perform (Coyle, 1986). A long-distance race requires the sustained production of high rates of energy production, with the typical contribution of aerobic energy system varying according to the duration of the race (Costill, 1985). Aerobic metabolism accounts for the greater majority of the energy cost of long-distance events, especially half-marathon and marathon races (William, 1996). The elite level of long-distance running, particularly in males, is dominated by African runners, are outstanding competitor in half-marathon and marathon events (Wilson, 1996). 1. 1 Energy intake: Endurance athletes are involved in events where there is continuous movement for longer than 30 minutes (Burrin, 1996). Some endurance sports combine periods of slow, continuous movement with periods of fast, quick burst of movement, and other endurance sports require continuous movement overlong-distances or time periods (Tsintzas, 1995). In the types of activity there is a premium on supplying sufficient energy and fluid to assure that the athlete does not become exhausted or over-heated from the continuous energy burn (Williams, 1995). A failure to supply sufficient energy of the right type will lead to early fatigue and poor athletic performance (Williams, 1995). The goal for the endurance athlete is therefore to establish a workable strategy for supplying sufficient energy and fluids (Williams, 1995). Before and during practice and competition to sustain muscular work for a long-duration and at the highest possible intensity (Wilson, 1995). Aerobic metabolism is the energy system of greatest importance for endurance athletes. In this energy pathway oxygen is used to help transfer phosphorus into new ATP molecules (Burrin, 1995). Aerobic metabolism occurs in the mitochondria of the cells, where the vast majority of all ATP is produced from the entering acetyl-CoA, (Burrin, 1995). Fast can be converted to acetyl-CoA through a process called beta-oxidative metabolism pathway (Burrin, 1995). This pathway is very oxygen dependant which means that fast can only be burned aerobically (Wilson, 1995). The ability of an athlete to achieve a steady state of oxygen uptake into the cells is a function of how well an athlete is aerobically conditioned (Coggan, 1992). An athlete that frequently trains aerobically is likely to reach a steady state faster than one does not train aerobically (Coggan, 1992). In theory once an athlete reaches a level of oxygen uptake that matches oxygen requirement for the given level of exertion (Coggan, 1992). The exercise could go on for as long as the body’s carbohydrate level and fluid did not reach a critical state (Sherman, 1996). For instance a long-distance runner is in a steady state could continue running provided the runner replaced the carbohydrate and fluid that are used in the activity (Sherman, 1995). Therefore, endurance is enhanced with a periodic intake of carbohydrates and fluid during the activity (Swanson, 1992). Athletes with different levels of conditioning are likely to achieve steady state at different levels of exercise intensity (Sherman, 1995). When athletes are being well-conditioned they might be able to maintain a steady state at a high enough level of exercise intensity to easily win a race (Williams, 1995. In other words, they can go really at a fast paced but still provide enough oxygen to your cell to satisfy your aerobic needs (Swanson, 1992). You read "In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged" in category "Essay examples" 1. 2 Fluid: As athletes exercise there is an inevitable loss of body water through sweat (Economos, 1993). The cooling system plus the normal urinary water loss may amount cover 10 litres of daily water loss when exercising in a warm environment (Borts, 1993). In a hot or humid environment water losses may exceed three litres per hour, but may be less than 0. 5 litres per hour cool dry environment (Nelson, 1993). Despite the high rates of sweat losses experienced by athletes, most athletes replace on fifty percent of the water that is lost, a behaviour that inevitably leads to progressive dehydration and a decline in performance (Nelson, 1993). Researches have clearly demonstrated that even a slight dehydration of two percent of body weight causes a measureable decrease in athletic performance (Borts, 1993). Therefore, when athletes take steps to satisfy fluid requirements, they are helping to guarantee optimal athletic performance (Economos, 1993). 1. 3 Carbohydrate: Athletes require carbohydrate during both low and high intensity activities (Burke, 1991). When carbohydrate stores are depleted the athlete quickly becomes fatigued and performance drops dramatically (Gollan, 1991). However, since the storage level of carbohydrate is relatively low gen compared fat stores; athletes must make a conscious effort to replace carbohydrate at every opportunity (Read, 1991). When having high levels of stored carbohydrate (glycogen) and consuming carbohydrates during exercise that last up to an hour or more are well-established techniques for optimizing athletic endurance (Murray, 1998). Consuming carbohydrate during exercise helps to maintain blood sugar (glucose) and insulin, which encourages sugar uptake by working muscles (Horswill, 1998). This helps to increase the muscular metabolism of carbohydrates and also helps to assure that carbohydrates are not depleted during exercise (Horswill, 1998). The concentration of carbohydrate consumed early during endurance running may influence the degree to which the athlete gets gastrointestinal (GI), discomfort (Murray, 1998). It was found that a 5. 5 percent (13 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ounces of fluid), carbohydrate solution produced the same level (relative low) of GI distress as plain water (Pate, 1992). A 6. percent (18 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ounces of fluid), solution, on the other hand, doubled the incident of distress when athletes were asked to perform the same exercise (Branch, 1992). In addition, only the 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution imparted a significant improvement in performance (Branch, 1992). In a study of marathon running performance, that are running over 26 miles, were asked to consume either water, a 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution or a 6. 9 p ercent carbohydrate solution on three occasions (Pate, 1992). The fastest times were recorded when they consumed the 5. 5percent carbohydrate solution, while consuming the 6. 9 percent solution resulted in times that were similar to consuming plain water (Hargreaves, 1996). Although, athletes have a tremendous need for carbohydrate, trying to provide too much too fast causes difficulties and may detract from performance (Dillo, 1996). Therefore, it appears clear that having a carbohydrate containing beverages during exercise is a very good thing to do (Angus, 1996). Resynthesis of glycogen following activity is also important, since glycogen reserves are severely depleted following activity lasting an hour or longer (Fabbrioa, 1996). The efficiency of glycogen resynthesis is dependent on several factors, including: (1) the timing of carbohydrate intake, (2) the amount of carbohydrate consumed, (3) the type of carbohydrate consumed, and (4), the degree to which muscles has been damaged during the exercise (Fabbrioa, 1996). 2. 0 Building energy and fluid: The importance of building and maintaining energy reserves to support endurance exercise is well-established (Angus, 1996). It is very clear that endurance athlete who begins competing with more stored carbohydrates have more available at the end of the competition (Coyle, 1996). This difference alone may be enough to determine the winner. In addition, athletes who are better hydrates during competition perform better than those who are less well-hydrated (Coyle, 1996). Having optimal carbohydrates and fluid intake does not happen automatically. It is something that must occur with foresight and planning (Angus, 1996). 2. 1 Before competition: When consuming carbohydrates prior to exercise, there is improved performance. The general recommendation is for athletes to consume between 800 to 1200 calories during the hours that precede competition (Costill, 1985). Foods consumed prior to competition should be foods that have been consumed without difficult prior to training (Costill, 1985). Trying to improve carbohydrate status before a competition by trying out new foods, like gels or sports drinks is an almost guaranteed formula for competitive disaster (Costill, 1985). Consumption of fluids prior to competition is also important and since glycogen storage requires additional fluids carbohydrate consumption should lways take place with substantial fluid intake (William, 1996). Since it is common for athletes to drink only when thirsty a conscious effort should be make to consume fluids even when not thirsty (William, 1996). Getting and staying well-hydrated may be the single most important thing athlete can do to assure good athletic performance (Wilson, 1996). Since it is almost impossible to adequate ly replace all fluids lost during training or competition it is useful for athletes to enter the exercise in a well-hydrated state (Burrin, 1996). It is impossible to become well-hydrated during exercise if athlete enters the exercise poorly hydrated to begin with (Burrin, 1996). Assuming that ample fluids have been consumed during the day leading up to the re-competition or practice athletes should consume an additional 10 to 13 gram of fluid approximately two hours before the exercise begins (Wilson, 1996). After this fluids should be consumed every 15 to 30 minutes to maintain prior to exercise (William, 1996). The athlete will know if you’ve adequately hydrated yourself by checking on the colour of the athlete urine (Tsintzas, 1995). Dark urine suggests that athlete is not well-hydrated, while clear urine suggests that athlete is well-hydrated (Stanzas, 1995). Using sports beverages (lucazad) prior to exercise is useful because they provide the two things athletes need the most: carbohydrates and fluids (William, 1995). Since carbohydrate is typically the limiting energy substance (that will run out before fat or protein runs out) in exercise (William, 1995). When starting exercise with more of it is in the tissues should aid exercise endurance (William, 1995). In low-intensity but long-duration exercise, fat may be the primarily fuel, but fat requires carbohydrates to burn completely (Singh, 1995). In either case, when carbohydrates (glycogen stores and blood glucose) are depleted, exercise performance is dramatically reduced (Wilson, 1995). This basis behind carbohydrate loading is to put as much carbohydrate in the tissue as they can hold (Wilson, 1995). 2. During competition: A marathon race where fluid are available at regular intervals, the athlete should take full advantage of each fluid station and consume fluid (Burrin, 1995). Since water is constantly being lost, frequent and regular consumption of fluid helps to maintain the body water level (Burrin, 1995). To understand how much fluid an athlete needs to consume during practice or competition, a log should be maintained with the amount of fluid consumed and the beginning and ending weight of the athletes (Sherman, 1995). If an athlete consumes 26 gram during practice and weighs 26 gram less at the end of practice than at the beginning this athletes should learn to consume an additional 26 gram of fluid during practice or competition (Sherman, 1995). Consumption of fluids that contain carbohydrates is important during exercise or competition and properly designed sport beverages can benefit in providing both fluid and carbohydrates quickly (Coggan, 1992). Carbohydrate solution of between 5 and 6 percent delivers both the carbohydrate and the fluid quickly (Swanson, 1992). A higher carbohydrate concentration slows delivery to the muscles by delaying gastric emptying and may increase the risk of gut upset (Swanson, 1992). A small amount of sodium helps drive the desire to drink and in so doing helps to assure that the athlete stays better hydrated (Coggan, 1992). Sodium may also benefit in getting the water and carbohydrate absorbed more quickly as well as helps to maintain blood volume (Economos, 1993). Maintaining of blood volume is an important predictor of athletic performance (Economos, 1993). There is some evidence that hyponatremia (low level of blood sodium), which results from large losses of sodium in sweat that goes unreplaced, occurs endurance and ultra-endurance events (Borts, 1993). This is a rare but a serious condition that may result in comas, or death (Nelson, 1993). The beverage should be taste good to the athlete. The taste sensation may be altered during exercise so there is no guarantee that a fluid, athlete enjoys drinking while exercising. Make sure that an athlete tries different flavours during exercise to determine what is best liked. The carbohydrate should be from a combination of glucose and sucrose. Beverages containing predominantly fructose increase the risk of creating gut upset. 2. 3 Nutritional recommendation: There are several rules of nutrition that apply here. Among them is the idea of the need to consume a wide range of variety of foods to assure that the body is exposed to all of the essential nutrients (Burke, 1991). On the backside of this rule, there is another benefit. By consuming a wide range of variety of foods, athletes can avoid being exposed to any potentially toxic substances that are more prevalent in some foods (Gollan, 1991). Therefore, eating a wide range of variety of foods is a good nutritional rule to live by (Read, 1991). Another rule is the idea that it is possible to eat too much of something, even if athletes think it’s good for them (Read, 1991). Learning to balance the diet through variety will help ensure the body of both proper maintenance and adequate nutrient intake (Gollan, 1991). 3. Summary: In general, athletes with long training schedules should focus on the consumption of diets that are high in carbohydrate and should develop a drinking habit that frequently delivers fluids to the body. While fats, constitute a major proportion of burned energy for endurance (aerobic) activities the storage capacity for fat is relatively high for even the leanest athletes. T he storage capacity for carbohydrate, however, is limited. Since fats require some carbohydrate to be completely burned, the limited storage capacity for carbohydrate cam limit the body ability to burn fat during exercise. To overcome this limitation athlete should be constantly vigilant to keep body stored of carbohydrate at maximal levels before activity begins and should replace carbohydrate during activity throughout whatever means are available. A failure to supply suffienct carbohydrate before and during endurance activity will significantly reduce athletic performance. 4. 0 Reference: †¢ Economos, D. , Borts, Z. , and Nelson, R. 1993. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Sports. Med. 16:383. †¢ Burke, L. , Gollan, R. , and Read, R. 1991. Dietary intake and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes. Int. J. Sports Nutr. 1:378. †¢ Murray, R. and Horswill, A. , 1998. Nutrition requirements for competitive sports. In nutrition in exercise and sport, 3ed. 521-558. †¢ Pate, R. , and Branch, D. 1992. Training for endurance sport. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 24:S340. †¢ Hargreaves, M. , Dillo, P. , Angus, D. , and Fabbraio, M. 1996. Effect of fluid ingestion on muscle metabolism during pro-longed exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:363-6. †¢ Coyle, E. , Coggan, A. , Hammert, M. , and Ivy, L. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during pro-longed strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J. Appl. Physiol. 61:165-172. †¢ Costill, D. 1985. Carbohydrate nutrition before, during, and after exercise. Fed. Proc. 44:364. †¢ William, C. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1996. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation early in exercise on endurance running capacity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:1373-1379. †¢ Tsintzas, O. , Williams, C. , Singh, R. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1995. Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on marathon running performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 154-6. †¢ Sherman, M. 1995. Metabolism of sugars and physical performance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:228S. †¢ Coggan, A. , and Swanson, S. , 1992. Nutritional manipulations before and during endurance exercise: effects on performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:S331. How to cite In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged, Essay examples

Art as study the progression of a civilization through time Essay Example For Students

Art as study the progression of a civilization through time Essay Art can be used to study the progression of a civilization through time. Art is usually used to express ones beliefs religiously, politically, and sometimes as a source of communication, which is accomplished through imagery. Symbols in works of art can be related to nature and myths. 1 From the beginning of Chinese history, art and philosophy worked hand-in-hand with the creation of a work of art. Chinese art was used as evidence of a persons behavior and attitude towards nature and other beings (e. g. the nicer the painting the better the person. )2 During the seventh and eighth centuries Chinese art was at its peak. China at this time was under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty. Because of the beautiful work being manufactured China became a multinational society. Paintings and sculptures were not the only works that China would receive admiration for. Their music and literature (poems which sometimes explained works of art) were also at their richest points,3 Tang art has incomparable vigor, realism, dignity There is an optimism, an energy, a frank acceptance of tangible reality which gives the same character to all Tang art, whether it be the most splendid fresco from the hand of a master or he humblest tomb figurine made by the village potter. Sullivan 160) When a piece of artistic work was considered good all that really mattered was the amount of effort that went into the piece and not the derivation of the persons economic class. Scarce materials were used very often in the creation of Chinese artifacts. One of the mot famous and revered stones used was Jade, which was very hard and indestructible. Jade cannot be found in China; it was traded with Burma, which is located on the outer edge of China, so it is amazing to know how much work was done with it in the 600 and 700 era. Jade was usually sed in burials in the sealing of the orifices of the body. This mineral was also recognized for having a beautiful reverberating tone. Jade was carved by pulverizing it with the assistance of an abrasive powder, a skill that was modified from the Shang craftsmen from their Neolithic craftsmen. 4 The fine work on the Emerald was done through the use of a wire saw for fine details. Then it is smoothed with a polishing wheel. 5 In the process of working with Jade the artisan would have to form a respect induced relationship between self and the material. When the artist first receives the material he would not begin to arve because the contour, proportions, and decoration of the piece would depend on religious ceremony. Craftsmen would sometimes study a piece of Jade for many years before deciding what to do with it. Jade comes in an array colors ranging from yellow to brown and from light green to bright green, black and dark purple and those of the highest value were white. Each color of Jade had a specific classification such as ink black, snow, kingfisher green, sea green, grass green, vermilion red and mutton-fat. Green stones in Chinese culture are deemed for having healing powers. That was my main reason for having such an interest in relics made from green minerals. 6 The piece I chose to study is called the Nine Elders of the Huichang, Mountain Scene of the celebrated gathering in 845 C. E. The Jade used is green nephrite from Hotan. This piece sits in the Peking Palace Museum. It stands 4 ft. high, 3 ft. wide and weighs 1,830 pounds. This piece was completed in 1786 with the addition of a poem engraved on the back of the figurine by the Qianlong emperor. The frontal view illustrates a scene of the first and second elders playing chess in the gazebo and the third elder bserving. .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc , .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .postImageUrl , .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc , .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc:hover , .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc:visited , .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc:active { border:0!important; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc:active , .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u578eb2f62c25f6425fab36c4c066b8dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Three Presidents Reform Policies 19011920 EssayBelow that a small servant boy is boiling water for tea. The fourth and fifth elders are conversing and strolling over the bridge, followed by another boy servant. The remaining four elders can be seen on the reverse side of the effigy. The sixth elder has his hand on a boys head and they are both absorbing the beauty of nature. The seventh senior is walking with the assistance of a bamboo stick and his boy attendant is following behind him. The eighth superior is playing a string instrument called a Qin making music for the listening pleasure of the ninth senior and his boy servant. I was drawn to this piece because it contained such great detail and symbolism. This artifact shows the significance of the respect one should have towards elders. This piece also elaborates on the importance of nature to the Chinese culture. The mountains, trees, and waterfalls are engraved in great detail and that is what makes the carving seem life-like. BIBLIOGRAPHY Burling Hart, Judith and Arthur. Chinese Art. Studio Publications, Inc. Froneck, Thomas. Horizon Book of the Arts of China Horizon Magazine Sickman, Laurence and Super, Alexander. The Art and Architecture of China. Penguin Books Ltd. Third Edition. 1968. Sullivan, Michael. The Arts of China. University of California Press. Los Angeles: 1973 Tregear, Mary. Chinese Art. Thames and Hudson Inc. Revised Edition 1997. Weng, Wang-go and Boda, Yang. The Palace Museum: Peking Treasures of the Forbidden City. The Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York: 1982 Sharon Matute September 26, 1999 Art 101- 007 Professor Sax African carvings were not considered to be works of art to the African people. They were used for religious purposes and magical ceremonies. A carved image was not an idol or an image of God. It was the proper lace for a spirit to dwell. There were many different kinds of spirits, e. g. the earth, lightning, sun, moon, spirits of the tribal founders which needed a home or dwelling place so they can be categorized. Hence, the statues were used to give the spirits an identity. They were also spirits who were blamed for misfortunes when they occurred. When the spirit enters the statue, it was a tribal custom to provide for the statute as one would for a human. Since the Africans associated the carvings with religion, the sculptures helped them to deal with their psychological issues.

The Sea Wolf Essay Example

The Sea Wolf Paper When you contrast characters, you are pointing out the differences between those two characters. These differences can include physical appearance, intelligence, and actions. Authors write about contrasting characters to give both sides to the story. Also, contrasting characters create an obvious plot of different ideas. In the story, The Sea Wolf, by Jack London has the contrasting characters Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden. Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden are the main characters of the story.Their differences make the story more interesting and also give you different outlooks to the story. Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden have different appearances, different philosophies, and also different attitudes. When we first meet Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden, we realize that they are very different looking. â€Å"His height was probably five feet ten inches, or ten and a half; but my first impression or feel of the man was not of this, but of his strength,† (p. 20) thought Humphrey the first time he saw Wolf Larsen. Wolf Larsen was very tough and strong.He had a very rough look to him. Wolf was a very built man. He had big muscles and a very manly face structure. Unlike Wolf Larsen, Humphrey Van Weyden was not very strong. Humphrey appeared very neat and orderly. Humphrey did not show the same muscles Wolf did, and appeared very weak. Like physical appearance, Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden differed greatly in philosophy. Throughout the book, Wolf and Humphrey sit down and talk about philosophy. Humphrey had a very easy going, nice outlook on life. He believed everyone was nice and no one should be treated wrongly.He found it very odd when Wolf Larsen was abusing and killing his shipmates because it was against his philosophy. But Wolf Larsen found this behavior very normal. Wolf Larsen believed that no human has value unless they add the value to it. Also, he believed strongly in survival of the fittest. Both found the each otherâ€℠¢s philosophies were very wrong. After one of their philosophy talks, Humphrey says to himself, â€Å"[I] seemed to find in Wolf Larsen’s forbidding philosophy a more adequate explanation of life than I found in my own. † (p. 73) Wolf Larsen was a very mean person as well. He was very rude to his peers and very brutal and violent. He was a believer in punishment. Wolf often called the others mean names and hit them or even killed them. He rarely thought twice about what he is doing to another person. Wolf was not very liked by the other shipmates. When asked about Wolf Larsen, one of the shipmates responded, â€Å"Wolf tis what he is. Hes not blackhearted like some men. Tis no heart he has at all. Wolf. just Wolf, tis what he is. Dye wonder hes well named? † (p. 3) Unlike Wolf Larsen, Humphrey Van Weyden was very kind and gentile. He found no reason for anyone to be harmed or verbally abused. He was very nice to all shipmates and never hit or yelled at anyone. Humphrey’s philosophy is against being rude or mean to others. This contrast between Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden caused much conflict. Although Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden got along, they were very different. Wolf was very mean and rough while Humphrey wasn’t. Throughout the story, the differences between the Wolf and Humphrey caused problems.At points the two differed in opinion on a topic and clashed. These clashed and mixes of ideas made the story more interesting and also gave two separate opinions to follow in the story. Although they were very different, Wolf Larsen and Humphrey Van Weyden’s conflicts in opinion made the story more interesting in reading. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * London, Jack. The Sea Wolf. NY: Macmillan, 1904. Print. * The Sea Wolf. Dir. Michael Curtiz. Perf. Alexander Knox and Edward G. Robinson. Warner Bros. Pictures, 1941. DVD.

Equivalence Point Definition

Equivalence Point Definition The equivalence point is a chemistry term youll encounter when you do a titration. However, it technically applies to any acid-base or neutralization reaction. Heres its definition and a look at methods used to identify it. Equivalence Point Definition The equivalence point is the point in a titration where the amount of titrant added is enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution. The moles of titrant (standard solution) equal the moles of the solution with unknown concentration. This is also known as the stoichiometric point because it is where the moles of acid are equal to the amount needed to neutralize the equivalent moles of base. Note this does not necessarily mean the acid to base ratio is 1:1. The ratio is determined by the balanced acid-base chemical equation. The equivalence point is not the same as the endpoint of a titration. The endpoint refers to the point at which an indicator changes color. More often than not, the color change occurs after the equivalence point has already been reached. Using the endpoint to calculate equivalence naturally introduces error. Key Takeaways: Equivalence Point The equivalence point or stoichiometric point is the point in a chemical reaction when there is exactly enough acid and base to neutralize the solution.In a titration, it is where the moles of titrant equal the moles of solution of unknown concentration. The acid to base ratio is not necessarily 1:1, but must be determined using the balanced chemical equation.Methods of determining the equivalence point include color change, pH change, formation of a precipitate, change in conductivity, or temperature change.In a titration, the equivalence point is not the same as the endpoint. Methods of Finding the Equivalence Point There are several different ways to identify the equivalence point of a titration: Color Change - Some reactions naturally change color at the equivalence point. This may be seen in redox titration, particularly involving transition metals, where the oxidation states have different colors. pH Indicator - A colored pH indicator may be used, which changes color according to pH. The indicator dye is added at the beginning of the titration. The color change at the endpoint is an approximation of the equivalence point. Precipitation - If an insoluble precipitate forms as a result of the reaction, it can be used to determine the equivalence point. For example, the silver cation and chloride anion react to form silver chloride, which is insoluble in water. However, it can be difficult to determine precipitation because the particle size, color, and sedimentation rate may make it difficult to see. Conductance - Ions affect the electrical conductivity of a solution, so when they react with each other, the conductivity changes. Conductance may be a difficult method to use, especially if other ions are present in the solution that can contribute to its conductivity. Conductance is used for some acid-base reactions. Isothermal Calorimetry - The equivalence point may be determined by measuring the amount of heat that is produced or absorbed using a device called an isothermal titration calorimeter. This method is often used in titrations involving biochemical reactions, such as enzyme binding. Spectroscopy: Spectroscopy can be used to find the equivalence point if the spectrum of the reactant, product, or titrant is known. This method is used to detect etching of semiconductors. Thermometric Titrimetry: In thermometric titrimetry, the equivalence point is determined by measuring the rate of temperature change produced by a chemical reaction. In this case, the inflection point indicates the equivalence point of an exothermic or endothermic reaction. Amperometry: In an ampometric titration, the equivalence point is seen as a change in the measured current. Amperometry is used when the excess titrant is able to be reduced. The method is useful, for example, when titrating a halide with Ag because it isnt affected by precipitate formation. Sources Khopkar, S.M. (1998). Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry (2nd ed.). New Age International. pp. 63–76. ISBN 81-224-1159-2.Patnaik, P. (2004). Deans Analytical Chemistry Handbook (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech. pp. 2.11–2.16. ISBN 0-07-141060-0.Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. (2000). Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, 7th ed. Emily Barrosse. pp. 265–305. ISBN 0-03-020293-0.Spellman, F.R. (2009). Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 545. ISBN 1-4200-7530-6.Vogel, A.I.; J. Mendham (2000). Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis (6th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 423. ISBN 0-582-22628-7.

Organizational Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Performance - Essay Example This paper brings out a critical evaluation of Balanced Scorecard models developed by Kaplan and Norton as also the EFQM excellence model promoted by the European Foundation for Quality Management. With a view to measuring a firm's activities in terms of its vision and strategies and to give the manager's a comprehensive view of the performance of a business, a concept which is described as Balanced Scorecard was introduced by Robert S. Kaplan and David Norton in the year 1992. There have been several studies conducted on the subject of Balanced Scorecard to develop the concept further. "The Balanced Scorecard method of Kaplan and Norton is a strategic approach and performance management system that enables the organizations to translate a company's vision and strategy into implementation working from four perspectives." (12 Manage) Measures: Once the objectives are established the next logical step is to identify the proper tools and parameters and define them to measure the organisational's performance towards achieving these objectives. For example the growth in the net margin or the sales in a particular region may well act as the measurement parameters. Targets: When the measurement parameters are established suitable targets need to be evolved to transform the organizational objectives into reality. Achieving a reduction in the manufacturing cost to the extent of 5% annually may be fixed as a target. Initiatives: Proper initiatives in the form of projects of programmes need to be developed as a support for achieving the set targets. If the targets are supported by initiatives, it may not be possible for the organization to achieve its goals. 2.2 FEATURES OF BALANCED SCORECARD: The monitoring of the perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard involves the development and usage of the following features within the broad organizational performance arena. Double-Loop Feedback: It is always essential, in order to exercise a proper control on the performance measures, there need to be data feedback to enable the mangers to determine the cause of variations and identify the processes with significant problems. This would enable the managers to focus their attention on repairing the

Criminal Law Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Law Term - Essay Example He was released the next day when it was confirmed that he had paid the fine. He sued BCJ and ECCF under 42 U.S.C. Â § 1983. The case1 primarily challenged the authority on his rights under Fourth Amendment to strip search procedure on minor offense. The court upheld the appeal that strip search in minor offense violates the individual’s rights under Fourth Amendment. This verdict was reversed by the Unites States Supreme Court in 2012 and allows law authorities huge leverage to conduct search, including strip search even for minor offense. The court verdict was supported by 5-4 majority. Issue The main issue is that of rights granted to citizens of America under Fourth Amendment which challenges jail authorities to conduct strip search of individuals arrested for minor offense without solid reasons. The privacy rights of individuals are therefore at stake. Rule 42 U.S.C. Â § 19832, popularly known as Section 1983, provides citizens of United States, as injured party in the court of law, to sue and claim redress for violations of their rights, privileges and immunities as granted by the Constitution and Laws of the nation. The Fourth Amendment3 promotes privacy rights and explicitly forbids search of individuals including in their persons, house, paper, and effects that violates rights to be secure and says that no warrants shall be issued unless supported by oath and affirmation. Thus, authorities can conduct search only when they have reasonable suspicion or affirmation to the facts that individual has violated the law. Analysis The case is important because it questions the validity of Fourth Amendment and defines the parameters of rights of citizens under it. The verdict supported strip search. The petitioner contended that minor offense, which actually did not apply, was not sufficient reason for the humiliating strip search that he had undergone twice within a period of seven days in Burlington jail and Essex correctional center. The section 1983 and the fourth amendment, both call for reasonable suspicion for search. Indeed, rights if citizens under Fourth Amendments has been controversial for long. Supreme Court has yet to analyze and define the reasonable clauses that justify rights of citizens under Fourth Amendment for strip searches in jails and detention centers4. In Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of the County of Burlington, the Supreme Court verdict upheld the legitimacy of strip search and declared that detention centers must have substantial power so as to maintain safety and order in the place. They also maintained that the threat of contraband being brought inside the jail or detention facilities is critical issue that substantially outweighs the privacy interests of the detainees or the petitioner. It can be argued that reasonable suspicion is important ingredient that needs to be considered within the wider scope of fourth amendment and was also considered in this case. The petitioner was already onc e arrested in 1998 in Essex for fleeing police and charged with obstruction of justice and use of deadly weapon. He was fined when he pled guilty. In 2005, he was arrested for defaulting in the fine, which was already paid but somehow not updated in the record. The petitioner was not searched in the police station but in the Burlington jail when was to share his cell with others. Thus, for security purpose, the search was necessary. Indeed, as